托福 新托福 36 - Early Ideas About Deep-sea Biology
题目
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3.The word "sensible " in the passage is closest in meaning to
  • A. famous
  • B.highly trained
  • C.reasonable
  • D.experienced
  • 正确答案:
    答案解析:
    答题统计
    答题统计

    登录 后才可以查看答案解析,还没有账号?

    还没有账号?马上 注册 >>

    阅读原文 中文译文

    In 1841 Edward Forbes was offered the chance to serve as naturalist aboard HMS Beacon, an English Royal Navy ship assigned to survey the Aegean Sea. For a year and a half the Beacon crisscrossed the Aegean waters. During that time Forbes was able to drag this small, triangular dregdge - a tool with a leather net for capturing creatures along the sea bottom - at a hundred locations, at depths ranging from 6 to 1380 feet. He collected hundreds of different species of animals, and he saw that they were distributed in eight different depth zones, each containing its own distinct assemblage of animal life, the way zones of elevation on the side of a mountain are populated by distinct sets of plants.

    Forbes also thought he saw, as he later told the British Association, that "the number of species and individuals diminishes as we descend, pointing to a zero in the distribution of animal life as yet unvisited." This zero, Forbes casually speculated-he simply extended a line on his graph of animal number versus depth-probably began at a depth of 1,800 feet. Below that was the final zone in Forbes's scheme, zone nine, a zone that covered most of the ocean floor and thus most of the solid surface of Earth: Forbes called this the azoic zone, where no animal, to say nothing of plants, could survive.

    Forbes's azoic zone was entirely plausible at the time, and it was certainly far from the strangest idea that was then entertained about the deep sea. In the first decade of the nineteenth century, a French naturalist named Francois Peron had sailed around the world measuring the temperature of the ocean. He found that the deeper the water, the colder it got, and he concluded that the seafloor was covered with a thick layer of ice. Peron ignored the fact that water expands when it freezes and that ice therefore floats. A more popular belief at the time was that water at great depth would be compressed to such a density that nothing could sink through it. This ignored the fact that water is all but incompressible. But even the more sensible naturalists of the day were guilty of a similar misconception. They imagined the deep sea as being filled with an unmoving and undisturbable pool of cold, dense water. In reality the deep is always being refreshed by cold water sinking from above.

    The central implication of all these misconceptions was that nothing could live in the abyss (deep), just as Forbes's observations seemed to indicate. But Forbes erred in two ways. One was the particular study site he happened to use as a springboard for his sweeping postulate of a lifeless abyss. Although the Aegean had been the birthplace of marine biology, its depths are now known to be exceptionally lacking in animal diversity. Moreover, through no fault of his own, Forbes was not particularly successful at sampling such life as did exist at the bottom of the Aegean. It was his dredge that was inadequate. Its opening was so small and the holes in the net so large that the dredge inevitably missed animals. Many of those it did catch must have poured out of its open mouth when Forbes reeled it in. His azoic zone, then, was a plausible but wild extrapolation from pioneering but feeble data.

    As it turned out, the existence of the azoic zone had been disproved even before Forbes suggested it, and the theory continued to be contradicted regularly throughout its long and influential life. Searching for the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific in 1818, Sir John Ross had lowered his "deep-sea clam"—a sort of bivalved sediment scoop-into the water of Baffin Bay ( an inlet between the Atlantic and Arctic oceans), which the determined to be more than a thousand fathoms deep in some places. Modern soundings indicate he overestimated his depths by several hundred fathoms, but in any case Ross's clam dove several times deeper than Forbes's dredge. It brought back mud laced with worms, and starfish that dad entangled themselves in the line at depths well below the supposed boundary of the azoic zone.

    在1841年,Edward Forbes得到了一个作为自然学家随船考察的机会,这艘船叫做HMS Beacon,是一艘意在探索爱琴海的英国皇家海军船只。一年半的时间里,Beacon号详细考察了爱琴海。就是在这个时期内,Forbes通过拖拽一种三角形的名为dregdge的工具探究了上百处地点。这种工具有一个皮革制成的网,可以从海底捕获生物。它的作业范围可以从6英尺深入到1380英尺。他收集了上百种不同的海洋生物,并且观察到他们分布在八个不同深度的空间里。每一个空间都拥有自己独特的生物集合,就类似于不同高度的山上分布着明显是不同类型的植被一样。 Forbes后来告诉英国相关组织,他同样认为“越往海底潜,生物的种类和数量越少,这就暗示在我们还未探索过的海域,有一个空间是没有生物分布的”。这个没有生物存在的空间,Forbes在他绘制的生物数量和深度示意图上划了条线,随意地推测这个区域的深度大约是从1800英尺向下。在这条线之下是Forbes图上的最后一个区域,第九区,这个区域涵盖了大部分的海床和大多数的地球固态表面:Forbes把这个区域称为无生命区,动物和植物都不能在这个区域生存。 Forbes的无生命区在当时看来是完全可信的。它和当时关于深海的最奇怪的理论大相径庭。在十九世纪开头的十年间,一个叫做Francois的法国自然学家环游世界,并且测量了海水的温度。他发现海水越深就越冷,这样他得出结论说海床被厚厚的冰层覆盖着。Peron忽视了水结冰以后密度会变低,冰会浮在水面上(而不是沉在海床上)。当时更流行的观点是海洋最深处的海水会被极度压缩,以至于没有生物可以潜入这一层。这个理论忽视了水是不能压缩的这个事实。但是即使是当时更加理智的自然学家也会作出类似的误解。他们想象深海是一池不能运动的、波澜不惊的紧实冷水。但实际上,这个深度的海水是经常被上面流下来的冷水更新的。 这些错误理论的中心观点是没有生物可以在深海中生存,就像Forbes的观察结论所说明的一样。但是Forbes在两点上弄错了。第一点是他用以得出无人区存在这个普遍结论的研究地点选择有误。即使爱琴海是海洋生物学的起源地,它的全部深度范围里的生物种类也是有限的。第二点是,尽管Frobes本身并没有错,但是他在爱琴海深海取样的过程是不成功的。原因是他使用的工具dregdge并不足以成功取样。这个工具的开口太小了,网上的洞又太大了,导致这个工具不可避免地会漏掉一些海底生物。它可能的确能捕捉到一些生物,但是当Frobes开始拉起它时,很多动物就从洞里漏出去了。所以他的无生物区的理论看上去是貌似可信的,而且推动了对海底生物的研究,但实际上是站不住脚的。 就像事实所说明的那样,无生物区的存在在Forbes提出其存在之前就已经被否定了。在Frobes理论漫长而具有影响力的一生中,它被多次反对过。John Ross爵士在1818年探索从大西洋到太平洋的西北航道中,把他的测量工具deep-sea clam——一种双壳沉淀的勺子——深入到巴芬湾(大西洋和北冰洋的入口)里,深度超过了一千英寻。现代测量水深的工具显示他高估了几百英寻的深度,但是即便如此,Ross的工具下潜的深度也比Frobes的深。这个工具带上来含有虫子的海泥,还捞上来缠在工具上的海星。它们被打捞上来的深度已经在无生物区的划分界线之下了。

    留言区中有很多我们对问题的解答喔, 登录后可以查看

    还没有账号?马上 注册 >>

    最新提问
    • wx_6697
      觉得B C 意思一样,不知道选哪个
    • wx_5576
      这道题C为什么对,E为什么不对?
    • wx_5576
      B为什么不能选啊?
    • wx_6697
      TPO30 passage 2 Q5我选的 D,不明白为啥不对?
    • wx_6697
      鑫哥,TPO6passage3Q5 答案是给错了吗?好多人都选A
    • wx_6697
      这题也很容易选错选成了D
    • wx_6697
      这道题A为什么错了
    • 芊儿
      为什么这道题不选c??a中的variety不是应该对应文中的differentiating 吗??求解!
    • wx_1000
      这道题不选E是因为太细节了吗
    • 王金阁
      这个题为什么不选C啊。。。
    • 芊儿
      这道题的D选项不是和文中的better able to reproduce in open settings相对应么??
    • 风荨火
      有大佬解释一下这个为啥选D嘛?
    • 以沫
      请问这个D 在哪里提现?为什么D错?
    • 芊儿
      第六题 的C选择为什么不对,感觉A是明显驳斥啊...
    • wx_6697
      鑫哥,这道题D是从哪里看出来的
    • wx_6697
      这题选的A,根据是Joly’s calculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age for Earth far in excess of a few million years.想问鑫哥为啥不选A
    • wx_6697
      这题我选的是C依据是into a new habitat outside of its natural range, it may adapt to the new environment and leave its enemies behind.C为啥错了呢?鑫哥
    • wx_8861
      F选项的weather-related destruction在哪里体现了呢?原文最后一段的开头Among the costs里的costs是不是打错了?应该是coast?
    • wx_6697
      求问这道题B为啥不选,原文依据:viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors.
    • 与托福的斗争史
      与托福的斗争史 去解答 去解答
      这题为什么选C?
    • 小雨淅沥哗啦的下
      小雨淅沥哗啦的下 去解答 去解答
      B哪里错了
    • 小雨淅沥哗啦的下
      小雨淅沥哗啦的下 去解答 去解答
      B为啥不对
    • 李浩然
      B选项错误,是因为残缺么?
    • wx_100
      请问在做题的时候如何排除c呢。看了答案,感觉是该选a的,但是当时做题脑子一热,就特别钟爱c,也没看其他选项。。求敲醒。。
    • wx xxxxx
      请问鑫哥,这段开头有写As one pesticide replaces another为什么不是对应a new pesticide is developed?
    • wx_7695
      鑫哥,从哪里看出来这个masks 不是use呀,原文说了wear呀
    • haiyuqiao
      @鑫哥,这题the damage will continue 不应该对应前面的 the target species evolves resistance to it,然后As one pesticide replaces another,不应该是结束了time cycle 吗
    • wx_2065
      鑫哥,想知道E错在哪里?
    • wx_7695
      鑫哥,B选项 cannot extended to earlier geological periods. 原文说的意思是后来的进化无法估计吧
    • wx_2163
      B为什么不选
    • wx_7780
      鑫哥,这个哪里看不use了。BD是修饰错,C是无中生有,怎么能直接选出A?
    • 100
      看到第一句话,以为是中心句就选了A... 为什么不能选A呢
    • 100
      为什么选b?
    • gu33
      请问下 这里选D的原因是 因为 evolutionary approach 对应着 原文的 Rates of evolution 嘛? 这里我选了C。。不是很懂 插入句和 D的关系 求解答
    • 我是啦啦啦
      我是啦啦啦 去解答 去解答
      这个题A哪里错了?是因为主语不对吗?这个C比A多一步推理啊
    • haiyuqiao
      鑫哥,D选项里的19世纪出现了很多假设,原文中并没有提到啊
    • wx_7060
      为什么选a 呢。我觉得a是细节。F哪错了?
    • wx_1105
      我想问一下,这道题为什么不能选A呢?
    • wx_8122
      D为什么不选
    • wx_1655
      f选项哪里说了
    • chaulaw
      鑫哥,原文是below经济损害水平,D是一触发经济损害就用,这也对吗?
    • chaulaw
      interclan婚姻是对的吗?不是只在自己的family结婚扩大家族吗?
    • wx_6697
      鑫哥,这道题答案是不是错了,好多人选D 我也选的D求解答
    • wx_6697
      这道题应该是一道易错题,每个选项的都有,然而我选的A错了,求解
    • wx_6697
      鑫哥,这题的C是怎么得到的?B也没有找到啊?难道不是应该选B
    • wx_6697
      鑫哥,还有这个,好多人选A答案是不是错了
    • wx_6697
      求问D是从哪里得出来的,我选的B呀哎呀
    • wx_4185
      it is difficult to say how far they were intended to be portraits rather than generalized images 这句话怎么理解呢
    • 此楠楠
      请问下这个插入题怎么选的呢?
    • 此楠楠
      求鑫哥讲解下A选项。。。 Even though in error, Joly’s calculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age for Earth far in excess of a few million years.